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[1] \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u064a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2000\u0645\u060c \u0635215.<\/span><\/p>\n

[2] \u0647\u0648 \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646 (18 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1929\u00a0 – 26 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2010\u0645 17 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0644 1431 \u0647\u0640 \u060c \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

[3] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1984\u0645\u060c \u0635 493-495.<\/span><\/p>\n

[4]\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062f. \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 1989\u0645\u060c \u063518. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[5] \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f. \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631”\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629”\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629: 2-3\/4\/2007\u0645 \u0635 49.<\/span><\/p>\n

[6] \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u063584.<\/span><\/p>\n

[7] \u0647\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0635 54-55.<\/span><\/p>\n

[8] \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0635 42.<\/span><\/p>\n

[9] \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u062c\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 400 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

[10] \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0635 65.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[11] \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063533 .<\/span><\/p>\n

[12] \u0648\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c 1 \/6 . \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[13] \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a 1\/673.<\/span><\/p>\n

[14] \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 1\/142.<\/span><\/p>\n

[15] \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0635 42.<\/span><\/p>\n

[16] \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0645 Emile Dermenghem \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0631\u060c \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c1949\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[17] \u0623\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0634\u0628\u0631\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0634\u0628\u0631\u0646\u062c\u0631 (1228 – 1310 \u0647\u0640 \/ 1813 – 1893 \u0645) \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u0647\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1842\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0635 28.<\/span><\/p>\n

[18] \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0635 42.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0622\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u060c […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1427","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-19"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alimanlight.com\/ar\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1427","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alimanlight.com\/ar\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alimanlight.com\/ar\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alimanlight.com\/ar\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alimanlight.com\/ar\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1427"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/alimanlight.com\/ar\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1427\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1430,"href":"https:\/\/alimanlight.com\/ar\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1427\/revisions\/1430"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alimanlight.com\/ar\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1427"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alimanlight.com\/ar\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1427"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alimanlight.com\/ar\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1427"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}